A sweeping history of Native Americans’ fraught relationship with United States citizenship and their efforts to protect tribal sovereignty.

Only Native Americans have held the political identity of being citizens of nations within a nation. After the American Revolution, they had to decide whether gaining United States citizenship would help to preserve their rights and property or be used to take them away—and they found out that either decision could end in loss.

Indigenous Citizens is unique in its breadth, its focus on the evolution of Native Americans’ dual citizenship, and its coverage of Indigenous issues from the founding of the United States through the twenty-first century. This masterful work highlights Native people’s efforts to preserve their tribal sovereignty and to secure the civil rights afforded to other Americans. In it, historian Paul C. Rosier chronicles Native Americans’ extraordinary resistance to colonialism, forced removals from ancestral homelands, and coercion into Indian Boarding Schools, even as the United States government broke treaty after treaty. He explores how Native people defended their right to be both Native and American. Native Americans differ religiously, culturally, and politically. But, as Rosier weaves together their experiences negotiating tribal, state, and national status, he reveals their vision for a country that could live up to the ideals of its Constitution.

In Indigenous Citizens Rosier demonstrates how their campaigns for justice have helped to expand, redefine, and strengthen democratic freedoms for all American citizens, even as the rights of their citizenship continue to be contested.