Épisodes

  • (10 min summary) King Lear
    Jan 7 2026

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    King Lear is one of William Shakespeare's greatest tragedies, believed to have been written between 1605 and 1606 and first performed shortly thereafter. Drawing from the ancient legend of Leir of Britain—a mythical pre-Roman king found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136)—Shakespeare transforms the story into a profound exploration of familial betrayal, ingratitude, madness, and the fragility of human nature. The play follows the aging King Lear as he impulsively divides his kingdom among his three daughters based on their flattery, disowning the honest Cordelia and unleashing a chain of deception, cruelty, and civil war involving parallel plots of filial treachery in the households of Lear and his nobleman Gloucester. Renowned for its raw emotional power, stormy imagery, and philosophical depth, King Lear probes themes of authority, justice, sight (both literal and metaphorical), and redemption amid suffering, cementing its place as one of the most harrowing and influential works in English literature.

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    10 min
  • (8 min summary) The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan
    Dec 20 2025

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    John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress from This World, to That Which Is to Come, a profound Christian allegory written in the form of a dream vision, was composed primarily during the author's imprisonment in Bedford jail from 1660 to 1672 (with possible completion in a later shorter stint around 1675) for refusing to cease unlicensed preaching under the restored monarchy's restrictions on nonconformist worship. First published in 1678, followed by a second part in 1684 focusing on the journey of Christian's wife Christiana and their children, the work follows the protagonist Christian's perilous pilgrimage from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City, encountering symbolic trials, temptations, and companions that vividly illustrate the Puritan understanding of the soul's path to salvation amid spiritual warfare and human frailty. Born in 1628 to a humble tinker family, Bunyan, a Baptist preacher deeply influenced by the Bible and his own intense conversion experience, crafted this enduring masterpiece in simple, vigorous prose accessible to common readers, making it one of the most widely read and translated books in English literature after the Bible, profoundly impacting generations of writers, theologians, and believers with its timeless depiction of faith's triumphs and struggles.

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    9 min
  • (9 min summary) A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens
    Dec 5 2025

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    Charles Dickens wrote and published A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost Story of Christmas in December 1843, completing the manuscript in just six weeks. Prompted by urgent financial pressure and a deep anger at the widespread poverty he had recently witnessed (especially among children working in tin mines and the London poor), Dickens conceived the story as both a heartfelt plea for charity and a deliberate attack on the cold utilitarianism and political economy of the age. Self-financed and beautifully illustrated by John Leech, the small book appeared on 19 December, sold out its entire first printing of 6,000 copies by Christmas Eve, and quickly became a publishing phenomenon that has never since been out of print. Though it did not immediately solve Dickens’s money troubles (high production costs and piracy limited early profits), it permanently reshaped Christmas celebrations in Britain and America, reviving forgotten traditions, popularizing the phrase “Merry Christmas,” and establishing the template for the modern secular Christmas centered on family, feasting, generosity, and redemption.

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    9 min
  • (9 min summary) Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
    Nov 20 2025

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    Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, first published in 1818 when the author was only nineteen, emerged from a famous ghost-story challenge issued during a rainy summer in 1816 at the Villa Diodati near Lake Geneva, where Shelley, her lover (later husband) Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Polidori spent nights reading German horror tales aloud. Unable to sleep after a discussion of galvanism and the possibility of reanimating corpses, Mary experienced a waking nightmare of a “pale student of unhallowed arts” watching in horror as his assembled creature stirred to life; she declared the next morning, “I have found my story.” Written amid personal grief (the recent deaths of her first child and half-sister), financial strain, and the social scandal of her elopement with the still-married Percy Shelley, the novel began as a short tale but grew into a profound meditation on creation, responsibility, ambition, and isolation. Initially released anonymously in a small edition of 500 copies with a preface by Percy Shelley, it was widely assumed to be his work until the 1831 revised edition finally credited Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley as the sole author, securing her place as one of the earliest and most influential voices in science fiction and Gothic literature.

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    9 min
  • (6 min summary) Candide by Voltaire
    Nov 13 2025

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    Candide, ou l’Optimisme (1759) is a satirical novella by the French Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire, written in response to the devastating Lisbon earthquake of 1755 and the optimistic philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz, popularized by Alexander Pope’s line “Whatever is, is right.” Penned in just three days amid Voltaire’s exile in Switzerland, the work follows the naïve young Candide as he is expelled from an idyllic Westphalian castle and thrust into a world of war, natural disasters, religious persecution, and human cruelty, all while clinging to his tutor Pangloss’s doctrine that we live in “the best of all possible worlds.” Through rapid-fire adventures across Europe, South America, and the Middle East—including the utopian El Dorado and the slave markets of Surinam—Voltaire mercilessly mocks blind optimism, fanaticism, and metaphysical justifications for suffering, culminating in the famous maxim “We must cultivate our garden.” Instantly banned in France for its irreverence, Candide became a bestseller, cementing Voltaire’s reputation as the era’s sharpest critic of dogma and champion of reason, tolerance, and practical humanism.

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    7 min
  • (summary) Animal Farm by George Orwell
    Nov 6 2025

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    Animal Farm, published in 1945 by George Orwell, is a satirical novella that serves as an allegorical critique of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent rise of Stalinism, using a seemingly simple tale of barnyard animals who overthrow their human farmer to establish a society based on equality, only to see it devolve into a new form of tyranny under the pigs’ leadership; inspired by Orwell’s observations of totalitarian regimes and his disillusionment with Soviet communism, the story distills complex political betrayal, propaganda, and corruption into a concise fable that warns against the perversion of revolutionary ideals, remaining a timeless commentary on power dynamics in any system.

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    8 min
  • Utopia, by Thomas Moore
    Oct 28 2025

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    Thomas More’s Utopia, published in Latin in 1516, emerged from the intellectual ferment of Renaissance humanism and More’s own complex life as a lawyer, scholar, and eventual Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII. Framed as a conversation in Antwerp between More, his friend Peter Giles, and the fictional traveler Raphael Hythloday, the work describes an imaginary island society whose rational, communal institutions critique the corruption, inequality, and religious strife of sixteenth-century Europe. Written amid More’s diplomatic travels and his growing disillusionment with princely courts, Utopia blends playful satire, Socratic dialogue, and serious moral philosophy, drawing on classical sources like Plato’s Republic while reflecting Christian humanist ideals; its title, a Greek pun meaning both “good place” and “no place,” underscores its role as both ideal and impossibility, a mirror held up to England’s enclosures, capital punishment, and warmongering nobility.

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    10 min
  • The Phaedo by Plato
    Oct 23 2025

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    The Phaedo is one of Plato's Socratic dialogues, written around 360 BCE, which recounts the final hours of the philosopher Socrates before his execution by hemlock poisoning in Athens in 399 BCE. Set in Socrates' prison cell, the dialogue is narrated by Phaedo, a disciple of Socrates, to Echecrates, and it explores profound philosophical themes, particularly the immortality of the soul, the nature of death, and the pursuit of truth. Through discussions with his followers, including Simmias and Cebes, Socrates argues that the soul is eternal, using concepts like the theory of Forms and the cycle of opposites to support his view. The Phaedo is both a philosophical treatise and a dramatic portrayal of Socrates' calm acceptance of death, emphasizing his belief that a philosopher's life is preparation for the afterlife, where the soul can attain true knowledge.

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    9 min
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