Fantasmi digitali, o: spiritismo 2.0 ed altre meravigliose diavolerie

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Fantasmi digitali, o: spiritismo 2.0 ed altre meravigliose diavolerie

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Avete presente quando vi arriva un messaggio di notte, vedete il nome e vi prende quel micro-infarto? Ora immaginate che quel nome sia di qualcuno che non c’è più. Benvenuti nell’era dei fantasmi digitali, dove il lutto incontra l’algoritmo e i morti continuano la conversazione, letteralmente. Questo episodio di Bioetica da Bar parte da una domanda semplice e scomodissima: quanta vita può avere un morto, oggi, se gli diamo abbastanza dati? Tra bot addestrati su chat private, avatar che imitano voci, e start-up convinte che il dolore sia un modello di business, il confine tra memoria e mercificazione si assottiglia come il ghiaccio di marzo. E poi: chi controlla questi fantasmi? La famiglia? Le piattaforme? O quell’oscura entità chiamata “Termini di Servizio”, che può spegnere tuo nonno come si stacca il contatore a qualcuno che non paga le bollette? Nel frattempo, c’è chi trova conforto a parlare col “fantasma”, e chi invece vede un’illusione pericolosa, una ferita che non guarisce mai. Quindi sì: oggi parliamo di morte, tecnologia, identità, e del nostro desiderio ostinato di non lasciare mai davvero andare nessuno. E come sempre: niente paura. Siamo al bar. Ma stavolta, quando brindiamo… qualcuno potrebbe brindare con noi da dentro il cloud.Fonti:Spitale and Germani 2025. ‘The Making of Digital Ghosts: Designing Ethical AI Afterlives’. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20094 Scheerer 1993. Star Trek: The Next Generation. S7 E10, ‘Inheritance’, https://www.imdb.com/it/title/tt0708736/Byrne 2024. Star Trek: Discovery. S5 E6, ‘Whistlespeak’, https://www.imdb.com/it/title/tt26965512The Guardian. 2016. ‘The Chatbot That Lets You Talk to the Dead’. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2016/oct/11/chatbot-talk-to-dead-grief Huet 2023. ‘What Happens When Sexting Chatbots Dump Their Human Lovers’. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-22/replika-ai-causes-reddit-panic-after-chatbots-shift-from-sexFagone 2021. ‘He Couldn’t Get over His Fiancee’s Death. So He Brought Her Back as an A.I. Chatbot’, https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/2021/jessica-simulation-artificial-intelligence/Brown 2021. ‘AI Chat Bots Can Bring You Back from the Dead, Sort Of’. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/02/04/chat-bots-reincarnation-dead/Hollanek and Nowaczyk-Basińska 2024. ‘Griefbots, Deadbots, Postmortem Avatars: On Responsible Applications of Generative AI in the Digital Afterlife Industry’. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-024-00744-wHurshman, Voinea, D’Allessandro et al. 2025. ‘Beyond Deepfakes: “Digital Duplicates” or AI Simulations of Real People-An International Ethical Consensus’. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5730202Klugman. 2024. ‘Griefbots Are Here, Raising Questions of Privacy and Well-Being’. https://www.thehastingscenter.org/griefbots-are-here-raising-questions-of-privacy-and-well-being/Grieshaber and Hadero 2024. ‘AI Is Imitating the Dead and Dying, Raising New Questions about Grieving’. https://apnews.com/article/ai-death-grief-technology-deathbots-griefbots-19820aa174147a82ef0b762c69a56307Hawkins 2024. ‘Chinese Mourners Turn to AI to Remember and “Revive” Loved Ones’. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/apr/04/chinese-mourners-turn-to-ai-to-remember-and-revive-loved-onesDuffy, 2025. ‘He Was Killed in a Road Rage Incident. His Family Used AI to Bring Him to the Courtroom to Address His Killer’. https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/tech/ai-courtroom-victim-impact-statement-arizonaWales 2025, ‘A.I. of Murdered Chris Pelkey Makes His Own Impact Statement at Sentencing (a court 1st), with Judge’. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMs-_8etNtsWales 2025, ‘Judge Todd Lang's Reaction to Chris Pelkey's A.I. Impact Statement During Sentencing, 5/1/2025’. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr9b1_rintkLim 2024. ‘From Mourning to Machine: Griefbots, Human Dignity, and AI Regulation’. https://srinstitute.utoronto.ca/news/griefbots-ai-human-dignity-law-regulation Lindemann 2022. ‘The Ethics of “Deathbots”’. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-022-00417-xKrueger and Osler 2022. ‘Communing with the Dead Online: Chatbots, Grief, and Continuing Bonds’. https://doi.org/10.53765/20512201.29.9.222Orita 2022. ‘“Resurrecting” Dead Celebrities: Editing and Using Remnant Data of the Deceased through AI’. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS55053.2022.10227098Birnhack and Morse 2022. ‘Digital Remains: Property or Privacy?’ https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4254683EU 2016, ‘GDPR’ https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj?locale=itMorris and Brubaker 2025. ‘Generative Ghosts: Anticipating Benefits and Risks of AI Afterlives’. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713758Cheng 2025, ‘The law of digital afterlife: the Chinese experience of AI ‘resurrection’ and ‘grief tech’’. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaae029Lei et al. 2025. ‘“AI Afterlife” as Digital ...

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