A large twin-towered Gothic church with a vast interior founded over a millennium ago, Westminster Abbey is one of the United Kingdom’s most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Many royal marriages and national commemorative events have also been held within its walls.

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The concept of Purgatory is not adhered to by all Christians but is nevertheless a fascinating topic well worth investigating. The word "purgatory" is rooted in Latin, meaning to purify, purge, or cleanse; a place or condition of temporal punishment for spiritual cleansing after death of souls dying penitent and destined ultimately for Heaven. It is NOT considered as a place of probation, for, the ultimate salvation of those in purgatory is assured, and the impenitent are NOT received into purgatory. The souls in purgatory are supposed, however, to receive relief through the prayers of the faithful and according to the traditional Catholic understanding, through the sacrifice of the mass. Protestants do not believe in purgatory. They typically reject the doctrine because they argue it lacks biblical support and is inconsistent with the Protestant belief in salvation by faith alone, which holds that Jesus's sacrifice is sufficient for all sin.

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Audio credit: Counsel of Trent podcast with Trent Horn (episode: 1031, What is Purgatory REALLY Like? May 12, 2025). Audio excerpts reproduced under the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.

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There are lots of Jameses mentioned in the Gospels. Who was James the Apostle and why is he also referred to by certain Christian denominations as James son of Alphaeus, James the Lesser, James brother of Jesus, James the Just, James bishop of Jerusalem, and James the author of the Epistle of James? Also named SAINT James by several denominations, James was one of the original Twelve Disciples of Jesus according to the Gospels of the New Testament. Let’s investigate and find out more. E160.

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Audio credits: Catholic Saints podcast: St. James the Lesser (01may2023) with Dr. James Prothro and Mary McGeehan, Augustine Institute; Dwell On These Things podcast with pastor & author John Stange (episode: Who were the apostles of Jesus? 20nov2023) Life Audio, Salem Media. Audio excerpts reproduced under a Creative Commons license and the Fair Use (Fair Dealings) Legal Doctrine for purposes such as criticism, comment, teaching, education, scholarship, research and news reporting.

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