Jewish Religion History

Three events transpired in 1492 in the Iberian Peninsula, which had tremendous ramifications for years to come. The first was the conquest of Granada, i.e., the last Muslim stronghold, by Castilian and Aragonese forces. The victory ended eight hundred years of Islam-ic rule. The conquest of Granada eventually also led to the conversions of many Muslims to Christianity, the phenomenon of Crypto-Islam, and the eventual expulsion of the descendants of these converts in 1609.

Lleida, a Catalonia-based town, has started marking the rocky unforgiving routes taken by the Jews to flee Nazi Europe to neutral Spain. According to Spanish daily Europa Press, Jewish European citizens migrated from France to Spain through the Pyrenees. The fifth route was recently commemorated after four other routes had been discovered and celebrated by Lleida council president Joan Reñé and the Israeli ambassador Alon Bar back in 2014. The routes measure around 151.6 kilometers and are spread over the Spanish provinces of Vall d’Arán, Pallars Sobirà, Alt Urgell, la Cerdanya and l’Alta Ribagorça.

This audiobook is the first audiobook in the new academic book series, Hermit Kingdom Studies in Christianity and Judaism, which seeks to encourage advancement of knowledge in the area of Hebrew language studies, Jewish historical studies, and Early Christianity/New Testament studies. The academic series particularly encourages the use of interdisciplinary approaches and creative thinking.

Practicada durante siglos por místicos judíos, la cábala es un sistema de creencias de enseñanzas místicas que ofrece una visión de la naturaleza de Dios, el universo y el alma humana. En esta completa guía aprenderá todo lo que necesita saber sobre la cábala, desde sus orígenes y conceptos clave hasta sus principales practicantes y su impacto en el mundo actual.

L'histoire juive longe l'histoire universelle sur toute son étendue, et la pénètre par mille trames." James Darmesteter est l'un des plus grands historiens du judaïsme. Dans ce texte, il aborde l'aspect universel de l'histoire juive et nous montre à quel point le peuple juif, par sa culture, par sa religion et par ses idées a participé activement à la marche de l'humanité.

The relationship between Judaism and Christianity has been acrimonious throughout most of history. Often confronted with persecution, with arguments of Divine rejection, and with religious practices and beliefs that appeared pagan and even idolatrous to them, most rabbis viewed Christianity negatively. However, quite surprisingly, not all rabbis viewed Christianity in this light.

In the context of Crypto-Jewish individuals and communities, both in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of the New World, as well as in India, the knowledge of and distinction between halakhah and minhag persisted. But as contact with established Jewish communities (in particular, in Spain before the expulsion), with rabbis, and with Jewish texts lessened, the overall knowledge of Jewish practice and beliefs diminished. This short work explores the practices and beliefs that characterized the dual identity of crypto-Jews.

In 1942, in Kaunas, Lithuania, the occupying German forces decreed that any pregnant Jewish woman would be summarily executed. On August 26, 1942, a Jewish woman realized she was pregnant and approached her rabbi, Ephraim Oshry, seeking advice. He determined that an abortion was necessary to save her life. The situation was something no woman or rabbi should have to face. But the scenario was real, and Rabbi Ephraim Oshry ruled based on Jewish law.

The destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem in 586 BCE, and the Babylonian exile that followed, could have spelled the end of Israelite identity. But the return of exiles, first under Zerubbabel, and again under Ezra and Nehemiah a generation later, resurrected Isra-elite identity and opened a new chapter in the history of Israel.