Stuart History

New York City has a reputation for being a place of opportunity, diversity, and inclusivity. It was much the same in its earliest days, back when its Dutch rulers dubbed it New Amsterdam. The Dutch used it as the North American hub of their international trading routes that made them the financial leaders of the world. The city was a haven of religious tolerance, cultural diversity, and women’s rights; in many ways, it was the original melting pot, where even slaves could earn their freedom.

The History of France: from Louis II to Louis XVIII: Understand a crucial part of the history of French monarchy, with this collection of portraits of some of the most spectacular rulers of France. This catalog lists the kings named Louis, from Louis II (877-879), a king whose wisdom was greater than his authority, to Louis XVIII who reigned during the Restauration of the French Monarchy after the fall of Emperor Napoleon. For each one of these Kings, you will find a detailed description of the style of his reign and his political achievements.

John Stuart Mill is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of the Victorian Era. In this speech, he defends the practice of capital punishment. He states, “I defend this penalty, when confined to atrocious cases, on the very ground on which it is commonly attacked - on that of humanity to the criminal; as beyond comparison the least cruel mode in which it is possible adequately to deter from the crime.” Though written in the 1800s, Mill’s argument is still relevant in contemporary discussions of capital punishment.

Undercover and in secret during World War II, Allied spies and secret agents worked behind the scenes to send messages, take pictures, and find out about the enemy's plans. These spies broke codes and stopped weapons programs. Eventually, their work helped the Allies win the war. These brave men and women risked their lives to fight back against the Axis powers who invaded their homes and interrupted their lives. Learn more about these hidden heroes of World War II: a famous singer, a major-league baseball player, a well-known writer, and others who helped change the course of history.

In the South Pacific in 1944 and 1945, military battles raged between the United States and Japan. Surrounded by rattling bullets and exploding bombs, a group of Navajo Marines sent secret messages back and forth. They used a code they had created from the Navajo language, a code the enemy was never able to crack. These young men had been recruited from their homes in the American Southwest. They brought with them incredible physical stamina and a language that had never been written down.

Many associate Mahatma Gandhi with peace, but this should not be confused with passivity. Gandhi was an activist who helped India achieve independence from Britain, advocated for Indian rights in South Africa and at home, and improved the lives of India’s “untouchable” people. He did this all through nonviolent activism and thoughtful reflection on the nature of the injustices he saw around him. This short biography reveals the life experiences that made Gandhi an inspirational peacemaker with an international legacy.

Historians consider the Haitian Revolution the most successful slave revolt in all of history. Though many fought in the rebellion, one man ensured their victory: Toussaint Louverture. With his political savvy and leadership skills, this former slave helped the inhabitants of what was then called Saint Domingue to challenge their French oppressors.