Turkey History

From the taking of the holy city of Jerusalem in the 7th century AD by Caliph Umar, to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following the end of World War I, Christian popes, emperors and kings, and Muslim caliphs and sultans were locked in a 1300-year battle for political, military, ideological, economic and religious supremacy. The House of War offers a wide, sweeping narrative, encompassing the broad historical and religious context of this period, while focussing on some of the key, pivotal sieges and battles, and on the protagonists, political and military.

En los preludios de la Primera Guerra Mundial, en pleno apogeo del colonialismo europeo, un agente del Gobierno británico se interna en la península arábiga con la finalidad de subyugar una inminente rebelión anticolonial. El emisario es cuestión recorre, bajo un sol abrasador, amplias regiones desérticas. Trata con los enemigos del Imperio Británico y se gana su confianza. Se convierte en uno de ellos... y actúa de forma subrepticia a favor de los intereses de la metrópli, aunque le repugna tanto ejercer ese papel que acaba simpatizando con la causa árabe.

Spanning three continents and controlling lands in the Balkans, the Caucasus, Crimea, Anatolia, the Middle East, the Levant, Egypt, and North Africa, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most menacing powers at the height of its power in the 16th century. It was feared by other great empires of Europe. But how exactly did the Ottomans achieve this great power, and how did they lose it by the early 20th century?

Balıkçı'nın kitaplaşmamış yazılarından derlenen bu yapıt, bir yandan yurdumuzun tarih, sanat ve uygarlığını sergilerken, öte yandan Anadolu birikiminin nesnel temellerine ışık tutuyor. Halikarnas Balıkçısı'nın birbirinden ilginç düşünce yazılarını bir araya getiren Merhaba Anadolu'dan tadımlık: “Anadolu'da açılan özel bankaların garip gelenekleri vardı. Bankalar şairlere bankalarıyla ilgili şiirler sipariş ederlerdi. Bu şiirler bankaların kapılarına asılırdı. Bu yolla bankaların sanatçılara da yardımları dokunurdu. Şimdi de bankaların sanatçılara yardımları olmuyor değil…”

In the last year, Egypt has undergone a revolution that expelled its authoritarian leader of nearly 30 years, and implemented elections that have pitted the Egyptian military in a power struggle with the Muslim Brotherhood, the long-time Islamic opposition group with ties to Hamas and elements of al-Qaeda. Making everything that much more surreal, the events have played out before well placed television cameras with continuous "real time" coverage of the revolution, and ongoing turmoil, and foreign nations around the world eagerly await or dread the end result.

A gripping and deeply researched exploration of the hidden influence of organized crime on the global economy that reveals the mafia as an uncredited architect of modern society. In Mafia: A Global History, Ryan Gingeras takes readers on a fascinating journey into the shadowy world of organized...

The Ottoman Empire lasted more than six centuries. Its soldiers fought, died, and conquered lands on three different continents, making it one of the few stable multi-ethnic empires in history - and likely one of the last. Thus, it's somewhat inevitable that the history of its dissolution is at the heart of complex geopolitical disputes, as well as sectarian tensions that are still key to understanding the Middle East, North Africa and the Balkans.

The fall of Constantinople in 1453 marked a number of significant historical turning points. It saw the end of the last vestige of the Roman Empire, which had been founded more than 1,400 years before, and marked the beginning of a period of dominance for the growing Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, this moment marked the end of the Middle Ages in Europe and the beginning of the Renaissance, as the fall of Constantinople was directly linked to both these events.

In 1393, the Tsar of Bulgaria, Ivan Shishman, defended Nicopolis in a last stand against the invading Ottoman Empire, but the well-known battle named after the town occurred in 1396, when an army of knights from all over Europe faced an Ottoman army. This battle is famous for representing the last time that Christian Europe (or, at least, most of it) united under a single banner to fight a common foe, and the military venture is often called the Last Crusade.

This book tells the stories of the Muslims, Christians, Jews and others who made a courageous stand against the mass slaughter of Ottoman Armenians in 1915, the first modern genocide. Foreigners and Ottomans alike ran considerable risks to bear witness and rescue victims, sometimes sacrificing their lives. Diplomats, humanitarians, missionaries, lawyers and other visitors to the Empire stood up, including Tolstoy's daughter, Alexandra; Raphael Lemkin, the jurist who first established genocide as an international crime; and the polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen.

In terms of geopolitics, perhaps the most seminal event of the Middle Ages was the successful Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453. The city had been an imperial capital as far back as the fourth century, when Constantine the Great shifted the power center of the Roman Empire there, effectively establishing two almost equally powerful halves of antiquity’s greatest empire. Constantinople would continue to serve as the capital of the Byzantine Empire even after the Western half of the Roman Empire collapsed in the late fifth century.

It is believed that the Circassians—the English translation of the Turkish term Cherkess—emerged as a discrete society or entity around the 10th century CE, although there are references to them before this. In fact, the Circassians are believed to be the oldest indigenous people of the North Caucasus and self-identified as Adyghe. Historians believe the first settlers appeared some 300,000 years ago. Nevertheless, the history and culture of Circassia and the Circassians is largely unknown in the English-speaking and wider world outside Central Asia and the Caucasus.

К 80-летию Мурада Аджи. памяти писателя, ученого. Под этой обложкой две книги, вышедшие в разное время. Это их пятое издание, дополненное и переработанное. Книги рассказывают о тюркском народе. Красочные описания и легенды повествуют о малоизвестных событиях мировой истории, о жизни и быте древних тюрков, об их достижениях, победах и поражениях. В первой книге речь идет о становлении тюрков как народа, о его расселении по Евразии, о Великом переселении народов. Оно зародилось на древнем Алтае и к IV веку достигло Европы. Первыми узнали о высокой культуре тюрков Индия и Персия.

Among those who were responsible for the projection of Ottoman power, few deserve as much credit as the Sipahi. Civilizations across the steppes and the Middle East relied heavily on cavalry, and the Sipahi were elite cavalry units during medieval times for a couple of powers. That said, they were a massive contributor to the success of Ottoman warfare, and during good times for the empire, the Sipahi were rewarded, to the extent that they became their own social class, much like the Janissaries.

You are in luck, because you are getting extra material out of this combo. The following topics are going to be addressed: the Akkadian Empire, one of the oldest civilizations we know of, dating back to a few thousand years BC; the Byzantine Empire, a vast empire that lasted for hundreds of years and has had a major impact on the world religions and politics even into the past century; the Mongolian Empire, which was not to be trifled with; and the Ottoman Empire, which was so big and lasted for so long, yet it is one of those empires that many common people have forgotten about.

Suleiman the Magnificent: The Life and Legacy of the Ottoman Empire’s Most Famous Sultan chronicles Suleiman’s life and accomplishments and the massive impact he had on his empire and the world around him.

En términos de geopolítica, quizás el acontecimiento más importante de la Edad Media fue el exitoso asedio otomano a Constantinopla en 1453. La ciudad había sido una capital imperial ya en el siglo IV, cuando Constantino el Grande cambió el centro de poder del Imperio Romano, estableciendo efectivamente dos mitades casi igualmente poderosas del imperio más grande de la antigüedad. Constantinopla seguiría siendo la capital del Imperio Bizantino incluso después de que la mitad occidental del Imperio Romano se derrumbara a finales del siglo V.

When Maziar Bahari left London in June 2009 to cover Iran's presidential election, he assured his pregnant fiancée, Paola, that he'd be back in just a few days, a week at most. Little did he know, as he kissed her good-bye, that he would spend the next three months in Iran’s most notorious prison, enduring brutal interrogation sessions at the hands of a man he knew only by his smell: Rosewater.

Where did writing, culture, and agriculture begin? The Middle East is the cradle of civilization - where humankind once roamed in small groups of hunter-gatherers and foraged for food and shelter, then learned to plant crops and build structures. Today, we are an advanced civilization that has conquered the skies, oceans, and even the moon. To understand how this transformation occurred, take a brief trip back into the history of the Middle East, where it all began.

The Byzantine Empire has often been overlooked. Yet, this vast empire lasted for hundreds of years, and has had a major impact on world religions and politics, even into the past century. The Byzantine Empire was heavily influenced by the Romans, and Christian culture. Several centuries A.D., it was marked by conquests, emperors, rules, orthodoxy, and the giant capital of Constantinople (which is now Istanbul). They fought the Huns, and many other peoples, to maintain their lands and territories.