Language Philosophy

الصوت جزءٌ لا يتجزّأ من تجربتنا الحياتية وتفاعلنا مع العالم من حولنا، سواء أكان ذلك في صورة ضجيج أم موسيقى؛ فالصوت يُشكِّل كيفية تعاملنا مع كل ما يحيط بنا، ومن ثم فلا غنى عن فهمه في العديد من المجالات المتنوّعة، مثل علم النفس واللغويات والعمارة والسلوك الحيواني والتطوّر وعلم المحيطات، وبالطبع الموسيقى. في هذا الكتاب، يأخذنا مايك جولدسميث في جولة سريعة نلقي فيها نظرة على علم الصوت ونستكشفه في سياقات متباينة، ما بين المسموع وغير المسموع، وما تحت الأرض وتحت الماء، وما هو إلكتروني وكهربائي، فضلاً عن نعمة السمع لدى الإنسان والحيوان. وعلى مدار الفصول الثمانية القصيرة لهذا الكتاب، يلقي جولدسميث الضوء على أهم الاكتشافات في تاريخ البشرية التي أثّرت على فهمنا للصوت واستخداماتنا المعاصرة له، كما يناقش مشكلة الصوت عندما يكون «في غير محله»، أي الضجيج، وكيف يمكننا الحدّ منه وحماية آذاننا وسط الأصوات التي لا نختار الاستماع إليها.

يبحث هذا الكتاب أهم موضوعات العقل وأكثرها إثارة للجدل، كازدواجية العقل والجسد الشهيرة، والرد عليها من جانب السلوكيين. وتتطرق المؤلفة إلى نظريات عدة حاولت تفسير العقل، لعل أهمها: الفيزيائية، والقصدية. ويتحدث الكتاب عن الوعي واختلاف الفلاسفة حول تعريفه، عارضاً تجارب فكرية متنوعة لتوضيح معناه وأشكاله المختلفة، ومناقشاً وعي العقول الأخرى غير البشرية، والإشكالات المرتبطة بتعريف الوعي لدى الحيوانات والآلات. وتوضح المؤلفة -أيضاً- كيف تتسلل أسئلة فلسفة العقل إلى المجالات الأخرى، كعلم النفس، وعلم الأعصاب، وعلم الأحياء التطوري، واللغويات، والفيزياء.

في هذه المقدِّمة الموجزة، يستكشف بيتر آدمسون تاريخَ الفلسفة لدى المسلمين واليهود والمسيحيين في الأراضي الإسلامية، من خلفيتها التاريخية إلى مفكري القرن العشرين. ومن خلال تقديـم الموضوعـات الفلســفية الرئيسية في العالم الإسلامي، يدمج آدمسون أفكاراً من الديانات الإسلامية والمسيحية واليهودية للنظر في الأسئلة الفلسفية الواسعة التي تستمرُّ في إثارة الجدل، مثل: ما العلاقة بين العقل والمعتقَد الديني؟ ما طبيعة المعرفة؟ كيف يمكن للفلسفة أن تؤثِّر على الأخلاق والسياسة؟ واعتماداً على أحدثِ الأبحاث في هذا المجال، يتحدَّى هذا الكتاب افتراضَ التدهور الثقافي للفلسفة والعلوم في العالم الإسلامي من خلال إظهار تراثهما الغني وتداخلهما مع الديانات والفلسفات الأخرى.

Aristotle wrote on everything from the shape of seashells to sterility, from speculations on the nature of the soul to meteorology, poetry, art, and even the interpretation of dreams. Apart from mathematics, he transformed every field of knowledge that he touched. Above all, Aristotle is credited with the founding of logic. When he first divided human knowledge into separate categories, he enabled our understanding of the world to develop in a systematic fashion.

Rene Descartes spent most of his childhood in solitude, a situation that also came to characterize his adult life. Fortunately, these countless lonely hours helped Descartes produce the declaration that changed all philosophy: "I think, therefore I am." Eventually convincing himself to doubt and disregard sensory knowledge, Descartes found he could prove his existence through his thoughts. This internal information, he believed, was the true reality and external forces were hopelessly deceiving.

On June 22, 1936, the philosopher Moritz Schlick was on his way to deliver a lecture at the University of Vienna when Johann Nelböck, a deranged former student of Schlick's, shot him dead on the university steps. Some Austrian newspapers defended the madman, while Nelböck himself argued in court that his onetime teacher had promoted a treacherous Jewish philosophy. David Edmonds traces the rise and fall of the Vienna Circle - an influential group of brilliant thinkers led by Schlick.

This guide will teach you how to analyse arguments, speeches, and newspaper articles. It will help you discern faults in reasoning from sound arguments. It looks at the structure of language in order to demonstrate rules by which you can identify good analytical thinking, and will help you to formulate clear, defensible arguments. With real life newspaper extracts, a glossary, exercises and answers, and a guide to essay writing, this is an invaluable tool for both students and general readers.

""His groundbreaking work has changed the very ways we consider our health and examine disease.” —Barack Obama From Dr. Francis Collins, director of the National Institute of Health, 2007 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and 15-year head of the Human Genome Project, comes one...

This work sets forth a theory which is speculative in nature, there being no verifying experiments. It is based on the idea of the reversibility of everything in time; that is, that every type of process has its time image, a corresponding process which is its exact reverse with respect to time.

Improve your Spanish, and expand your vocabulary with topics that matter. When it comes to mastering a foreign language, listening around your interests makes all the difference. But finding books designed for language learners can be hard! This book fixes that. For the first time, you’ll learn to improve your Spanish while listening about the history of World War II.

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In an age when philosophers had scarcely glimpsed the horizons of the mind, a boy named Aristocles decided to forgo his ambitions as a wrestler. Adopting the nickname Plato, he embarked instead on a life in philosophy. In 387 B.C. he founded the Academy, the world's first university, and taught his students that all we see is not reality but merely a reproduction of the true source. And in his famous Republic he described the politics of "the highest form of state."

How can political campaigns fight back against disinformation? A decade after The Victory Lab: The Secret Science of Winning Campaigns, which Politico called "Moneyball for politics," journalist Sasha Issenberg returns to the cutting edge of political innovation to reveal how campaigns are...

Think like Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Einstein, and Charles Darwin. Great geniuses before us have uncovered certain key principles on their path to greatness. You can learn those principles now, without all of the sweat, tears, and costly mistakes. Imagine that you could tap into the minds of many great geniuses. Think how they could help you solve challenging problems, broaden your mental horizons, and avoid common pitfalls. They actually can, if we study the principles that they lived by, and incorporate them into our lives.

What if you could transform your arguments from a source of stress into a catalyst for growth and understanding? We all encounter disagreements, but many of us struggle to navigate them constructively. We might get stuck in cycles of anger and resentment, or worse, avoid conflicts altogether, sacrificing our relationships and opportunities for growth. But what if you could master the art of arguing in a way that leaves everyone feeling heard, understood, and respected? This book offers a powerful framework for resolving conflicts based on reason and empathy.

Confucius knew all about life and told us how to behave, but we can't find out precisely what he was up to. His well-meaning platitudes, quaint maxims, and quasi-enigmatic anecdotes combined to produce an ideal philosophy for civil servants. It would appear that his aim was to turn his pupils into good government officials, but his teachings succeeded beyond his wildest expectations, providing rules of conduct and spiritual fodder for more than two thousand years.

The Enchiridion of Epictetus will serve you well as a handbook on dealing with the day to day issues of life that all people including Indigo's have to deal with. Indigo Wisdom represents the teachings of one of the Masters of Ancient and Esoteric Wisdom, Epictetus. His teachings are interpreted here for those living in current times. His knowledge is brought to you in a clear and precise manner without losing the essence or original tone of his work. It is easy to understand and is easy to implement into your life.

Irony and sarcasm are two of the most misused, misapplied, and misunderstood words in our conversational lexicon. In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, psycholinguist Roger Kreuz offers an enlightening and concise overview of the life and times of these two terms, mapping their evolution from Greek philosophy and Roman rhetoric to modern literary criticism to emojis.

An urgent case that the survival of democracy depends on reinventing the press, with ten pioneering reforms to help journalism better serve the public—from the co-author of the classic The Elements of Journalism. The crisis in journalism reflects a crisis in American democracy. Faith in news...

Le mensonge est important. Nous nous mentons à nous-même et aux autres. Mais qu'est-ce qui nous pousse à dissimuler ou arranger la vérité à notre avantage ? Nous sommes imparfaits, pas aussi bons que nous le souhaiterions ou que nous le prétendons. L'intégration sociale nous oblige également à mentir car la vérité est source de problèmes et de conflits. Pour survivre et réussir, nous faisons semblant, avec les meilleures intentions. Mais attention! Le mensonge est bien trompeur. Quelles sont derrière les apparences, les diverses causes et formes du mensonge ?