Napoleonic Wars History

Over the course of its history, England has engaged in an uncountable number of battles, but a select few have been celebrated like the Battle of Trafalgar, one of the most important naval battles in history. Before the battle, Napoleon still harbored dreams of sailing an invasion force across the English Channel and subduing England, but that would be dashed on October 21, 1805 by a British fleet that was outnumbered and outgunned.

Jomini was regarded as the preeminent strategist and writer of his generation, while Clausewitz was virtually unknown outside the General Staff of the Prussian Army. In the intervening period, Clausewitz has come to be regarded as the most important writer and strategic analyst of the period, whereas the writings of Jomini have been discarded and largely ignored. As a result, many military historians and strategists have only recently begun to understand how important Jomini was and how relevant his writings remain today.

Published in the 200th anniversary year of the Battle of Waterloo, a witty look at how the French still think they won, by Stephen Clarke, author of 1000 Years of Annoying the French and A Year in the Merde. Two centuries after the Battle of Waterloo, the French are still in denial. If Napoleon lost on 18 June 1815 (and that's a big 'if') then whoever rules the universe got it wrong. As soon as the cannons stopped firing, French historians began rewriting history.

Nearly 50 years after Napoleon met his Waterloo, generals across the West continued to study his tactics and engage their armies the same way armies fought during the Napoleonic Era. Despite advances in military technology and the advent of railroads for transportation, all of which made defensive warfare more effective, acclaimed military geniuses like Robert E. Lee used flank attacks and infantry charges against superior numbers in an effort to win decisive victories.

Two military setbacks, on a scale unprecedented in history, were required before the high tide of Napoleon's success began to ebb towards the final denouement of the Hundred Days and the famous Battle of Waterloo. The failed Russian invasion set the stage for the second defeat at Leipzig, which essentially sealed the fate of Napoleon's empire. The four-day Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, dubbed the "Battle of the Nations", essentially determined the course the Napoleonic Wars took from that moment forward.

When the leaders of the French Revolution executed Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette in 1793, they sent a chilling message to the hereditary ruling orders in Europe. Believing that monarchy anywhere presented a threat to democratic rule in France, the leaders of the revolution declared war on European aristocracies, including those of Great Britain. For more than 20 years thereafter, France and England waged a protracted war that ended in British victory.

Fue el último acto militar de Napoleón en Europa. Luego de su derrota en Leipzig, el emperador francés debió regresar a Francia donde fue vencido y recluido en la Isla de Elba. Pero al cambo de unos años, escapó y atacó a sus enemigos cerca de Waterloo. El 18 de junio de 1815 debió enfrentar a la poderosa Séptima Coalición comandada por el Duque de Wellington. El futuro del continente estaba por decidirse.

In February 1793, in the wake of the War of American Independence and one year after British prime minister William Pitt the Younger had predicted fifteen years of peace, the National Convention of Revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain and the Netherlands. France thus initiated nearly a quarter century of armed conflict with Britain. During this fraught and still-contested period, historian Nathaniel Jarrett suggests, Pitt and his ministers forged a diplomatic policy and military strategy that envisioned an international system anticipating the Vienna settlement of 1815.

This is the true story of the Battle of Trafalgar, Britain's most significant sea battle, as seen through the smoke-hazed gunports of the fighting ships. In an atmosphere of choking fumes from cannon and musket fire, amid noise so intense it was almost tangible, the crews of the British, French and Spanish ships did their best to carry out their allotted tasks. For over five hours they were in constant danger from a terrifying array of iron and lead missiles fired from enemy guns, as well as the deadly wooden splinters smashed from the ships' hulls by the cannon-balls.

Im Winter 1811 scheint der Krieg verloren zu sein: Ganz Spanien wurde von Frankreich annektiert. Cádiz ist die letzte Stadt, die sich noch in spanisch-englischer Hand befindet. Doch die französischen Truppen ziehen den Belagerungsring immer enger. Auch Richard Sharpe hält sich in der belagerten Stadt auf - und sieht sich dort gleich mehreren Feinden gegenüber. Einer von ihnen ist ein skrupelloser Priester, dem jedes Mittel recht ist, um sein Ziel zu erreichen: die Auflösung der Allianz von Spanien und England.

1810. In den Hügeln von Buçaco trifft das 50.000 Mann starke portugiesisch-britische Heer auf den Feind Frankreich. Mittendrin: Richard Sharpe. Die drohende Invasion Portugals ist allerdings nicht dessen einzige Sorge. Während die Schlacht von Buçaco ihren blutigen Lauf nimmt, zwingt ein portugiesischer Schurke Sharpe zu einem wahnwitzigen Duell - und nur der Sieger wird überleben.

Überraschend kehrt Napoleon im Jahre 1815 aus dem Exil nach Frankreich zurück. Nun rüstet der geniale Feldherr seine Grande Armée für einen neuen Feldzug. Auch der einfache Soldat Josef Bertha gehört zu den mehr als einhunderttausend Franzosen, die für Kaiser und Vaterland durchs Feuer gehen sollen. Dabei sehnt sich Josef nicht nach Heldentaten des Krieges, er strebt nach einem friedvollen Leben mit seiner Catharina. Doch bald marschiert er in die entscheidende Schlacht bei Waterloo.

Ms Eaton was visiting the continent and touring the Netherlands when Napoleon brought the British and Prussians to battle near the town of Waterloo. Eaton was caught up in the rush of panicked civilians fleeing and the reinforcements surging forward. She provides a rare insight into the events around the battle itself.

Benjamin Harris was a young shepherd from Dorset who joined the army in 1802 and later joined the dashing 95th Rifles. His battalion was ordered to Portugal, where he marched under the burning sun, weighed down by his kit and great-coat, plus all the tools and leather he had to carry as the battalion's cobbler—'the lapstone I took the liberty of flinging to the Devil'. Rifleman Harris was a natural storyteller with a remarkable tale to unfold, and his recollections have become one of the most popular military books of all time.

Take four friends, put them on two Ural motorcycles (complete with sidecars), send them off on a 2,500-mile odyssey retracing history’s most famous retreat, add what some might consider an excessive amount of Vodka, and you’ve got Sylvain Tesson’s Berezina, a riotous and erudite book that combines travel, history, comradery, and adventure.

The most celebrated general in history, Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) has for centuries attracted eminent male writers. Since Thomas Carlyle first christened him “our last Great Man”, regiments of biographers have marched across the same territory, weighing campaigns and conflicts, military tactics and power politics. With Napoleon, Ruth Scurr, one of our most eloquent and original historians, emphatically rejects the shibboleth of the “Great Man” theory of history, instead following the dramatic trajectory of Napoleon’s life through gardens, parks, and forests.

In the spring of 1814, Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated. Having overseen an empire spanning half the European continent and governed the lives of some eighty million people, he suddenly found himself exiled to Elba, less than 100 square miles of territory. This would have been the end of him, if Europe's rulers had had their way. But soon enough Napoleon imposed his preternatural charisma and historic ambition on both his captors and the very island itself, plotting his return to France and to power.

I grandi condottieri della storia, Alessandro come Cesare, Annibale come Carlo Magno, sono stati dei solitari. Hanno però avuto, tutti, un rapporto intenso con i loro soldati, reparti scelti che costituirono lo strumento della vittoria in battaglia e contribuirono a forgiare una leggenda capace di proiettarsi nel tempo. Ad accompagnare Napoleone "nel percorso di occupazione non solo militare dell'Europa e di creazione dell'ultima grande figura di conquistatore prodotta dall'Occidente" furono i "grognards", i brontoloni, come lui stesso li battezzò affettuosamente.

Cynthia Saltzman's Plunder recounts the fate of Paolo Veronese's Wedding Feast at Cana, a vast, sublime canvas that the French, under the command of the young Napoleon Bonaparte, tore from a wall of the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore, on an island in Venice, in 1797. Painted in 1563 during the Renaissance, the picture was immediately hailed as a masterpiece. In 1801, the Veronese went on exhibition at the Louvre, the new public art museum founded during the Revolution in the former palace of the French kings.

La Revolución francesa es un acontecimiento complejo en el que se unen demandas sociales de todos los estratos con ideas procedentes de la Ilustración y con los diferentes avatares que condujeron a Francia de un monarca despótico a un gobernante imperial. No puede explicarse solamente atendiendo a los hechos, aunque sí debe explicarse ciñéndose a ellos: eso es exactamente lo que hace Breve Historia de la Revolución Francesa.