 
                Normal Women
Nine Hundred Years of Making History
Échec de l'ajout au panier.
Échec de l'ajout à la liste d'envies.
Échec de la suppression de la liste d’envies.
Échec du suivi du balado
Ne plus suivre le balado a échoué
0,99 $/mois pendant vos 3 premiers mois
Acheter pour 25,63 $
- 
    
        
 
	
Auteur(s):
- 
    
    
                
 
Philippa Gregory
À propos de cet audio
The #1 New York Times bestselling historical novelist delivers her magnum opus—a landmark work of feminist nonfiction that radically redefines our understanding of the extraordinary roles ordinary women played throughout British history and “should be included in every history lesson” (Glamour UK)
“As author and lead narrator, Gregory’s passion for this topic is evidence in her confident narration. . . . This audio should be savored. . . . This stellar work will be of interest to feminists, historians, Anglophiles, and those who like learning more about women throughout history.”—Booklist (starred review)
Did you know that there are more penises than women in the Bayeux Tapestry? That the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 was started and propelled by women who were protesting a tax on women? Or that celebrated naturalist Charles Darwin believed not just that women were naturally inferior to men, but that they’d evolve to become ever more inferior?
These are just a few of the startling findings you will learn from reading Philippa Gregory’s Normal Women. In this ambitious and groundbreaking book, she tells the story of England over 900 years, for the very first time placing women—some fifty per cent of the population—center stage.
Using research skills honed in her work as one of our foremost historical novelists, Gregory trawled through court records, newspapers, and journals to find highwaywomen and beggars, murderers and brides, housewives and pirates, female husbands and hermits. The “normal women” you will meet in these pages went to war, ploughed the fields, campaigned, wrote, and loved. They rode in jousts, flew Spitfires, issued their own currency, and built ships, corn mills and houses. They committed crimes or treason, worshipped many gods, cooked and nursed, invented things, and rioted. A lot.
A landmark work of scholarship and storytelling, Normal Women chronicles centuries of social and cultural change—from 1066 to modern times—powered by the determination, persistence, and effectiveness of women.
“Lively, timely and gloriously energetic. Each page bursts with life, and every chapter swirls with personalities left out of traditional narratives of Britain’s past. Philippa Gregory has produced something rare and wonderful: a genuinely new history of [Britain], with women at its beating heart.”—Dan Jones, New York Times bestselling author of The Plantagenets
“Stunning. . . . Full of surprises. . . . A brilliant, essential read.”—The Independent (UK)
©20322 Philippa Gregory (P)2023 HarperCollins PublishersVous pourriez aussi aimer...
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Witchcraft
- A History in Thirteen Trials
- Auteur(s): Marion Gibson
- Narrateur(s): Rose Akroyd
- Durée: 11 h et 2 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4 out of 5 stars 6
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 6
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4 out of 5 stars 6
Offering a striking, dramatic journey unspooling over centuries and across continents, Witchcraft is a “well-rounded insight into some of the strangest and cruelest moments in history” (Buzz Magazine), giving voice to those who have been silenced by history.
- 
    
                        
    
3 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Well-researched. Agenda-driven.
- Écrit par Langer MD le 2025-03-05
Auteur(s): Marion Gibson
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Light Eaters
- How the Unseen World of Plant Intelligence Offers a New Understanding of Life on Earth
- Auteur(s): Zoë Schlanger
- Narrateur(s): Zoë Schlanger
- Durée: 10 h et 56 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global3.5 out of 5 stars 11
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 8
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4 out of 5 stars 8
The Light Eaters is a deep immersion into the drama of green life and the complexity of this wild and awe-inspiring world that challenges our very understanding of agency, consciousness, and intelligence. In looking closely, we see that plants, rather than imitate human intelligence, have perhaps formed a parallel system.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
so fascinating
- Écrit par Brittany le 2024-07-31
Auteur(s): Zoë Schlanger
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Sipsworth
- Auteur(s): Simon Van Booy
- Narrateur(s): Christine Rendel
- Durée: 5 h et 10 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4.5 out of 5 stars 23
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 18
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4.5 out of 5 stars 18
Following the deaths of her husband and son, Helen Cartwright returns to the English village of her childhood after living abroad for six decades. Her only wish is to die quickly and without fuss. Helen retreats into her home on Westminster Crescent, becoming a creature of routine and habit. Then, one cold autumn night, a chance encounter with an abandoned pet mouse on the street outside her house sets Helen on a surprising journey of friendship.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
I was more invested than I expected
- Écrit par Jan MacArthur le 2025-02-10
Auteur(s): Simon Van Booy
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Flower Sisters
- Auteur(s): Michelle Collins Anderson
- Narrateur(s): Jim Frangione, Andrea Gallo, L.J. Ganser, Autres
- Durée: 14 h et 1 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4 out of 5 stars 4
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4 out of 5 stars 4
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4.5 out of 5 stars 4
At birth, Violet and Rose Flowers were identical, save for a tiny bluish-purple mark gracing Violet’s slender neck. By nineteen, their temperaments distinguish them, as different as the flowers their mother named them for—Violet, wild and outgoing, and Rose, solitary and reserved. Still, they are each other’s world. Then, on a sweltering, terrible August night in 1928, an explosion rocks Lamb’s Dance Hall in Possum Flats, Missouri, engulfing it in flames, leaving one twin among the dozens dead, and her sister’s life forever changed.
- 
    
                        
    
4 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Enjoyable
- Écrit par PWL le 2024-10-04
Auteur(s): Michelle Collins Anderson
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Tripping on Utopia
- Margaret Mead, the Cold War, and the Troubled Birth of Psychedelic Science
- Auteur(s): Benjamin Breen
- Narrateur(s): Suzanne Toren
- Durée: 12 h et 53 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global0 out of 5 stars 0
- 
    
                    
 
Performance0 out of 5 stars 0
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire0 out of 5 stars 0
A bold and brilliant revisionist take on the history of psychedelics in the twentieth century, illuminating how a culture of experimental drugs shaped the Cold War and the birth of Silicon Valley....
Auteur(s): Benjamin Breen
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Curse of Pietro Houdini
- A Novel
- Auteur(s): Derek B. Miller
- Narrateur(s): Gabra Zackman
- Durée: 11 h et 23 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4 out of 5 stars 6
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 6
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire3.5 out of 5 stars 6
Heartfelt, powerfully engaging, and in the tradition of Anthony Doerr’s All the Light We Cannot See, this is a work of storytelling bravado: a thrilling action-packed art heist, an imaginative chronicle of forgotten history, and a poignant coming-of-age epic where a child navigates one of the most morally complex fronts of World War II and lives to tell the tale.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
A modern classic
- Écrit par Robert le 2025-06-18
Auteur(s): Derek B. Miller
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Witchcraft
- A History in Thirteen Trials
- Auteur(s): Marion Gibson
- Narrateur(s): Rose Akroyd
- Durée: 11 h et 2 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4 out of 5 stars 6
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 6
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4 out of 5 stars 6
Offering a striking, dramatic journey unspooling over centuries and across continents, Witchcraft is a “well-rounded insight into some of the strangest and cruelest moments in history” (Buzz Magazine), giving voice to those who have been silenced by history.
- 
    
                        
    
3 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Well-researched. Agenda-driven.
- Écrit par Langer MD le 2025-03-05
Auteur(s): Marion Gibson
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Light Eaters
- How the Unseen World of Plant Intelligence Offers a New Understanding of Life on Earth
- Auteur(s): Zoë Schlanger
- Narrateur(s): Zoë Schlanger
- Durée: 10 h et 56 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global3.5 out of 5 stars 11
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 8
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4 out of 5 stars 8
The Light Eaters is a deep immersion into the drama of green life and the complexity of this wild and awe-inspiring world that challenges our very understanding of agency, consciousness, and intelligence. In looking closely, we see that plants, rather than imitate human intelligence, have perhaps formed a parallel system.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
so fascinating
- Écrit par Brittany le 2024-07-31
Auteur(s): Zoë Schlanger
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Sipsworth
- Auteur(s): Simon Van Booy
- Narrateur(s): Christine Rendel
- Durée: 5 h et 10 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4.5 out of 5 stars 23
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 18
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4.5 out of 5 stars 18
Following the deaths of her husband and son, Helen Cartwright returns to the English village of her childhood after living abroad for six decades. Her only wish is to die quickly and without fuss. Helen retreats into her home on Westminster Crescent, becoming a creature of routine and habit. Then, one cold autumn night, a chance encounter with an abandoned pet mouse on the street outside her house sets Helen on a surprising journey of friendship.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
I was more invested than I expected
- Écrit par Jan MacArthur le 2025-02-10
Auteur(s): Simon Van Booy
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Flower Sisters
- Auteur(s): Michelle Collins Anderson
- Narrateur(s): Jim Frangione, Andrea Gallo, L.J. Ganser, Autres
- Durée: 14 h et 1 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4 out of 5 stars 4
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4 out of 5 stars 4
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4.5 out of 5 stars 4
At birth, Violet and Rose Flowers were identical, save for a tiny bluish-purple mark gracing Violet’s slender neck. By nineteen, their temperaments distinguish them, as different as the flowers their mother named them for—Violet, wild and outgoing, and Rose, solitary and reserved. Still, they are each other’s world. Then, on a sweltering, terrible August night in 1928, an explosion rocks Lamb’s Dance Hall in Possum Flats, Missouri, engulfing it in flames, leaving one twin among the dozens dead, and her sister’s life forever changed.
- 
    
                        
    
4 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Enjoyable
- Écrit par PWL le 2024-10-04
Auteur(s): Michelle Collins Anderson
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Tripping on Utopia
- Margaret Mead, the Cold War, and the Troubled Birth of Psychedelic Science
- Auteur(s): Benjamin Breen
- Narrateur(s): Suzanne Toren
- Durée: 12 h et 53 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global0 out of 5 stars 0
- 
    
                    
 
Performance0 out of 5 stars 0
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire0 out of 5 stars 0
A bold and brilliant revisionist take on the history of psychedelics in the twentieth century, illuminating how a culture of experimental drugs shaped the Cold War and the birth of Silicon Valley....
Auteur(s): Benjamin Breen
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Curse of Pietro Houdini
- A Novel
- Auteur(s): Derek B. Miller
- Narrateur(s): Gabra Zackman
- Durée: 11 h et 23 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4 out of 5 stars 6
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 6
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire3.5 out of 5 stars 6
Heartfelt, powerfully engaging, and in the tradition of Anthony Doerr’s All the Light We Cannot See, this is a work of storytelling bravado: a thrilling action-packed art heist, an imaginative chronicle of forgotten history, and a poignant coming-of-age epic where a child navigates one of the most morally complex fronts of World War II and lives to tell the tale.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
A modern classic
- Écrit par Robert le 2025-06-18
Auteur(s): Derek B. Miller
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Way We Eat Now
- How the Food Revolution Has Transformed Our Lives, Our Bodies, and Our World
- Auteur(s): Bee Wilson
- Narrateur(s): Bee Wilson
- Durée: 12 h et 30 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global5 out of 5 stars 12
- 
    
                    
 
Performance5 out of 5 stars 11
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire5 out of 5 stars 11
Food is one of life's great joys. So why has eating become such a source of anxiety and confusion? Bee Wilson shows that in two generations the world has undergone a massive shift from traditional, limited diets to more globalized ways of eating, from bubble tea to quinoa, from Soylent to meal kits. Paradoxically, our diets are getting healthier and less healthy at the same time. For some, there has never been a happier food era than today: a time of unusual herbs, farmers' markets, and internet recipe swaps.
Auteur(s): Bee Wilson
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Sisters in Science
- Auteur(s): Olivia Campbell
- Narrateur(s): Cassandra Campbell
- Durée: 10 h et 18 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global0 out of 5 stars 0
- 
    
                    
 
Performance0 out of 5 stars 0
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire0 out of 5 stars 0
In the 1930s, Germany was a hotbed of scientific thought. But after the Nazis took power, Jewish and female citizens were forced out of their academic positions. Hedwig Kohn, Lise Meitner, Hertha Sponer and Hildegard Stücklen were eminent in their fields, but they had no choice but to flee due to their Jewish ancestry or anti-Nazi sentiments. Their harrowing journey out of Germany became a life-and-death situation that required Herculean efforts of friends and other prominent scientists.
Auteur(s): Olivia Campbell
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Stepford Wives
- Auteur(s): Ira Levin
- Narrateur(s): January LaVoy, Grover Gardner
- Durée: 3 h et 58 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4 out of 5 stars 21
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4 out of 5 stars 17
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4 out of 5 stars 17
Joanna Eberhart is a creative, self-possessed wife and mother, newly arrived in seemingly idyllic Stepford, Connecticut. But as she and her family begin settling in, she’s jarred by the unaccountable sameness of the local wives: all flawlessly attractive, with perfectly maintained homes—and little seeming interest in anything else. As curiosity turns to concern, Joanna finds herself unraveling a web of malice that threatens her very existence.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Elegantly Read and Perfectly Unsettling
- Écrit par Mara H le 2024-05-10
Auteur(s): Ira Levin
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Hidden Life of Cecily Larson
- A Novel
- Auteur(s): Ellen Baker
- Narrateur(s): Cassandra Campbell
- Durée: 13 h et 55 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global2.5 out of 5 stars 4
- 
    
                    
 
Performance3.5 out of 5 stars 3
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire3 out of 5 stars 3
In 1924, four-year-old Cecily Larson’s mother reluctantly drops her off at an orphanage in Chicago, promising to be back once she’s made enough money to support both Cecily and herself. But she never returns, and shortly after high-spirited Cecily turns seven, she is sold to a traveling circus to perform as the “little sister” to glamorous bareback rider Isabelle DuMonde. With Isabelle and the rest of the circus, Cecily finally feels she’s found the family she craves.
- 
    
                        
    
4 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Lovely Characters
- Écrit par Utilisateur anonyme le 2024-11-18
Auteur(s): Ellen Baker
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Anansi's Gold
- The Man Who Looted the West, Outfoxed Washington, and Swindled the World
- Auteur(s): Yepoka Yeebo
- Narrateur(s): Jude Owusu
- Durée: 12 h et 37 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global0 out of 5 stars 0
- 
    
                    
 
Performance0 out of 5 stars 0
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire0 out of 5 stars 0
When Ghana achieved independence from Britain in 1957, it instantly became a target for home-grown opportunists and rapacious Western interests determined to claim whatever assets colonialism hadn’t already stripped. A CIA-funded military junta ousted the new nation’s inspiring president, Kwame Nkrumah, then falsely accused him of hiding the country’s gold overseas. Into this big lie stepped one of history’s most charismatic scammers, a con man to rival the trickster god Anansi.
Auteur(s): Yepoka Yeebo
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Mango Tree
- A Memoir of Fruit, Florida, and Felony
- Auteur(s): Annabelle Tometich
- Narrateur(s): Annabelle Tometich
- Durée: 10 h et 56 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global5 out of 5 stars 3
- 
    
                    
 
Performance5 out of 5 stars 3
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire5 out of 5 stars 3
When journalist Annabelle Tometich picks up the phone one June morning, she isn’t expecting a collect call from an inmate at the Lee County Jail. And when she accepts, she certainly isn’t prepared to hear her mother’s voice on the other end of the line. However, explaining the situation to her younger siblings afterwards was easy; all she had to say was, “Mom shot at some guy. He was messing with her mangoes.” They immediately understood.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
authentic and honest.
- Écrit par anne nonomus le 2024-11-17
Auteur(s): Annabelle Tometich
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
A Lady's Guide to Marvels and Misadventure
- Auteur(s): Angela Bell
- Narrateur(s): Beverley A. Crick
- Durée: 12 h et 28 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global3 out of 5 stars 10
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 10
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire3 out of 5 stars 10
Miss Clara Marie Stanton's family may be eccentric, but they certainly aren't insane. London, England, 1860: When Clara's ex-fiancé begins to spread rumors that her family suffers from hereditary insanity, it's all she can do to protect them from his desperate schemes, society's prejudice, and a lifetime in an asylum. Then Clara's grandfather Drosselmeyer brings on an apprentice with a mechanical leg, and all pretense of normalcy takes wing.
- 
    
                        
    
1 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
This is Christian Fiction
- Écrit par Sarah le 2025-02-10
Auteur(s): Angela Bell
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Memories of the Lost
- A Novel
- Auteur(s): Barbara O'Neal
- Narrateur(s): Sarah Zimmerman
- Durée: 8 h et 2 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4 out of 5 stars 6
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 5
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4 out of 5 stars 5
Months after her mother passes away, artist Tillie Morrisey sees a painting in a gallery that leaves her inexplicably lightheaded and unsteady. When a handsome stranger comes to her aid, their connection is so immediate it seems fated, though Liam is only visiting for a few days. Working on her own art has always been a refuge, but after discovering a document among her mother’s belongings that suggests Tillie’s life has been a lie, she begins to suffer from a series of fugue states, with memories surfacing that she isn’t even sure are her own.
- 
    
                        
    
4 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Somewhat predictable ending
- Écrit par Nano le 2025-05-19
Auteur(s): Barbara O'Neal
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Divine Might
- Goddesses in Greek Myth
- Auteur(s): Natalie Haynes
- Narrateur(s): Natalie Haynes
- Durée: 9 h et 11 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4.5 out of 5 stars 16
- 
    
                    
 
Performance5 out of 5 stars 12
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire5 out of 5 stars 12
Few writers today have reshaped our view of the ancient Greek myths more than revered bestselling author Natalie Haynes. Divine Might is a female-centered look at Olympus and the Furies, focusing on the goddesses whose prowess, passions, jealousies, and desires rival those of their male kin.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Loved it!
- Écrit par Kirsty Phillips le 2024-01-18
Auteur(s): Natalie Haynes
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Square of Sevens
- Auteur(s): Laura Shepherd-Robinson
- Narrateur(s): Imogen Wilde
- Durée: 20 h et 15 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4.5 out of 5 stars 19
- 
    
                    
 
Performance5 out of 5 stars 13
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire5 out of 5 stars 13
USA TODAY BESTSELLER This “intricately plotted, epic” (The Times, London) international bestseller—in the vein of the vivid novels of Sarah Waters and Sarah Perry—follows an orphaned fortune teller in 18th-century England as she searches for answers about her long-dead mother. Cornwall...
- 
    
                        
    
4 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Multiple surprising twists.
- Écrit par A. Prichard le 2024-01-07
Auteur(s): Laura Shepherd-Robinson
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
Women in White Coats
- How the First Women Doctors Changed the World of Medicine
- Auteur(s): Olivia Campbell
- Narrateur(s): Jean Ann Douglass
- Durée: 11 h et 29 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global4 out of 5 stars 10
- 
    
                    
 
Performance4.5 out of 5 stars 9
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire4.5 out of 5 stars 9
In the early 1900s, women were dying in large numbers from treatable diseases because they avoided receiving medical care. Examinations performed by male doctors were often demeaning and even painful. In addition, women faced stigma from illness—a diagnosis could greatly limit their ability to find husbands, jobs or be received in polite society. Motivated by personal loss and frustration over inadequate medical care, Elizabeth Blackwell, Lizzie Garret Anderson and Sophie Jex-Blake fought for a woman's place in the male-dominated medical field.
- 
    
                        
    
4 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
very informative
- Écrit par ssm reader le 2022-03-02
Auteur(s): Olivia Campbell
- 
    
                    
  
  
  
The Museum of Failures
- Auteur(s): Thrity Umrigar
- Narrateur(s): Vikas Adam
- Durée: 12 h et 22 min
- Version intégrale
- 
    
                    
 
Au global5 out of 5 stars 5
- 
    
                    
 
Performance5 out of 5 stars 4
- 
    
                    
 
Histoire5 out of 5 stars 4
Remy Wadia left India for the United States long ago, carrying his resentment of his mother with him. He has now returned to Bombay to adopt a baby from a young pregnant girl—and to see his elderly mother for the first time in several years. Discovering that his mother is in the hospital, has stopped talking, and seems to have given up on life, he is struck with guilt for not realizing just how sick she has become.
- 
    
                        
    
5 out of 5 stars
- 
    
                        
  
  
  
Excellent!
- Écrit par Laura le 2024-01-13
Auteur(s): Thrity Umrigar
Amazing
Un problème est survenu. Veuillez réessayer dans quelques minutes.
Really infomative
Un problème est survenu. Veuillez réessayer dans quelques minutes.
Fantastic!
Un problème est survenu. Veuillez réessayer dans quelques minutes.
 
            
         
    
                                                
                                            
                                        
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                     
    
                                     
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
          