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Erdogan recently declared that, starting immediately, Turkish students would begin studying the Ottoman language in school. But for anyone who has ever struggled to learn the notoriously difficult Ottoman language - sometimes described as a practical joke played on historians - forcing it on a generation of schoolchildren might be the quickest way for Erdogan to destroy his popularity (and the Ottoman Empire's as well).

Western pundits and nostalgic Muslim thinkers alike have built up a narrative of the caliphate as an enduring institution, central to Islam and Islamic thought between the seventh and 20th centuries. In fact, the caliphate is a political or religious idea whose relevance has waxed and waned according to circumstance.