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Poison Mushrooms! Got’a Pic’em (GOTAAPPICEM) A mnemonic device to sort through mushroom ingestions – The Hot Stove League of EM/Tox

The GOTAA PPICCEM Mnemonic

Late-Onset (Severe) Toxic Mushrooms ("GOTA")

These mushrooms have delayed symptoms (>6 hours) and are associated with significant toxicity:

G – Gyromitrin (Gyromitra esculenta) – False morels; inhibits GABA, leading to seizures.

O – Orellanine (Cortinarius spp.) – Causes renal failure; famously poisoned The Horse Whisperer author.

T – Tricholoma equestre (Man on Horseback) – Leads to rhabdomyolysis.

A – Amatoxin (Amanita phalloides, Galerina spp.) – Causes liver failure; the most lethal mushroom toxicity.

Early Onset Nausea, Late Toxicity Mushrooms ("A²P²")

A² – Allenic norleucine (Amanita smithiana) – Found in the Pacific Northwest; early GI symptoms followed by renal failure.

These may present early but still cause significant toxicity.

P² – Paxillus spp. – Can cause hemolytic anemia and multi-organ injury.

Early-Onset Nausea Mushrooms ("PICCEM")

P– Psilocybin (Psilocybe spp.) – Hallucinogenic, similar to LSD, typically low toxicity but may cause hyperthermia or seizures.

Symptoms appear within 6 hours and are usually self-limited.

I – Ibotenic Acid & Muscimol (Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina) – Acts like a “mushroom speedball”, causing both stimulant and sedative effects.

C – Coprine (Coprinus spp., Inky Caps) – Induces disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol.

E – Emetic Mushrooms (LBMs: Little Brown Mushrooms) – Various species that cause self-limited vomiting and diarrhea.

M – Muscarine...