The microbiome of fermented foods, like any microbiome, is a multi-species microbial community and can include a rich mixture of bacteria, fungi, and yeast all in the same fermented food. The presence of a specific microbe cannot always predict the final quality, safety, or flavor of a fermented food, but studying their interactions gives a richer understanding of these community dynamics.

Ben Wolfe, an Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at Tufts University has been exploring these microbial ecologies. Using models such as cheese rinds, sterile baby cabbages, and kombucha, his lab investigates the origins of these fermentation community members, how they interact with each other, and how these communities can evolve and diversify over time.

Join our conversation on microbial onramps, phage resistance, and purple cheese…

Along with bacteria and yeast, fungi play an important role in fermentation. We primarily think of Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae, but there are a number of other fungi that are used in food production, including Aspergillus sojae, Monascus purpureus. We wanted to talk to Dr. Vayu Hill-Maini, postdoctoral Fellow at the Joint Bioengineering Institute at University of California Berkeley, working in the lab of Jay Keasling, who has been approaching research into filamentous fungi in two ways.

One of the most well recognized microbes in food fermentation is Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, used to produce most yogurts today. Originally named Bacillus bulgarian, the name plays homage to Bulgaria where it was first isolated in 1905. But before we isolated this microbe and cultured it to use as a starter, how was yogurt made?

With the help of Sevgi’s family and insight from the rest of the community, Sevgi, Veronica and David traveled to Nova Mahala, Bulgaria to explored how rituals around yogurt making impacts the microbial community and final flavor of yogurt.

Alex Hozven has been fermenting and innovating at The Cultured Pickle Shop in Berkeley for over 25 years with her husband, Kevin Farley. Her experience gives her keen insight into how consumer perception of fermented foods has changed, where the field is going, the regulatory landscape for smaller producers, and how fermented foods can be used to build community.